Central Role of Information Systems Essay

Central Role of Information Systems Essay Executive Summary Globally, advancements in information technology have seen various initiatives been developed to provide solutions to aspects in different industries. Notably, information systems have brought huge advantages to the telecommunication and financial sectors (Curtis, and Cobham, 2008). The introductions of mobile payment services have registered immense success particularly in developing countries. Mobile payment solutions and pay-by-phone are undoubtedly the newest form of alternative payment methods that will be used by consumers to pay for a range of services. These forms of payment solutions utilize technological systems in different models to facilitate transactions. These models include direct mobile billing, contactless Near Field Communication (NFC), Mobile web payments, and premium SMS payments. Near Field Communication applications have been developed and tried in various countries using the SpeedPass systems on cellphone that is used to facilitate transportation ticketing. By touching the mobile phone near an NFC reader, it initiates a transaction via a two-way conversation just like a credit card (Kasper, 2007). Mobile payment and Pay-by-phone solutions have been successful in many countries such as Japan, Kenya, South Africa, US, Switzerland, and France. Pay-by-Mobile services is likely to register success in the UK given the existing level of infrastructure, mobile service providers, and coordination with banks and credit card companies/ Role of Information Systems Introduction Globally, advancements in information technology have seen various initiatives been developed to provide solutions to aspects in different industries. Notably, information systems have brought huge advantages to the telecommunication and financial sectors (Curtis, and Cobham, 2008). The introductions of mobile payment services have registered immense success particularly in developing countries. This can be attributed to the increased need of microfinance services in developing countries characterized lower penetration of banking services. Large, medium, and small companies are engaging in the creation of innovative ways aimed at enabling individuals to limit their levels of carrying cash (Rainer and Turban, 2009). For instance, a good number of companies have developed credit card scanners that can be connected to cellphones to perform similar functions as credit cards. These companies include PayPal, VeriFone, Intuit, and Square. The UK is yet to taste the advantages associated wit h the use of Pay-by-mobile services but with infrastructural measures in place, the service will probably register success in the region. It is evident that information systems have played a central role in the development of Vodafone mobile phone payment solutions such as the M-Pesa in Kenya and Tanzania and M-Paisa in Afghanistan. Arguably, Mobile payment solutions will gain global traction in the near future given the increased advancement and innovations in payment technologies. Different technological platforms are competing to become the most established players in mobile payment solutions (Eppler, 2003; Lindsay, 2007). Mobile payment solutions and pay-by-phone are undoubtedly the newest form of alternative payment methods that will be used by consumers to pay for a range of services. These forms of payment solutions utilize technological systems in different models to facilitate transactions. These models include direct mobile billing, contactless Near Field Communication (NFC), Mobile web payments, and premium SMS payments. The Pay-by-Phone and mobile payment are increasingly being adopted in many parts of Europe and its entry into the UK is likely to transform the manner of undertaking transactions now that mobile phones would be used as wallets. Near Field Communication is the most ideal mobile payment mode that suits the needs of users in the UK. Near Field Communication (NFC) Near Field Communication applications have been developed and tried in various countries using the SpeedPass systems on cellphone that is used to facilitate transportation ticketing. By touching the mobile phone near an NFC reader, it initiates a transaction via a two-way conversation just like a credit card (Kasper, 2007). NFC communication facilitates data exchange, connections, and simplified transactions through the touch. Tablets or Smartphone devices compatible with NFC standards are built with NFC chips that perform similar functions as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Near Field Communication and its related standards have enabled many a customers to purchase and exchange secure information through the touch of their devices (Lambert, Miriam, and Marseken, 2009). Economic benefits have enabled companies to minimize costs associated with staffing, point of sale, and printing among others. NBA Synergy System The Synergy Sports Technology developed this service as a way of collecting and organizing fine-grained statistical data and in addition to providing possibilities of relating the data to related video clips. The system ensures that numerous descriptive categories are linked to high-resolution video to provide statistical information to track the games that were played. The video clips can be downloaded to iPhones, iPods, and other smartphone devices and can be shared through protected video streaming sites. This service has been useful in helping NBA coaches to analyze the strength and weaknesses of each individual player and/or opposing teams. Mobile Banking Technology The banking sector is one of the sectors that highly utilize the technological innovations to transact its business activities. Over the years, banking has transformed from the traditional model where clients queue for services to the current format whereby they can be reached using technological means (Ivatury, and Mas, 2008). Today, technology is a predominant determinant and indicator of the rate of growth and the level of competitiveness in the economy. In the banking sector, information systems have in different platforms such as business, connectivity, and communication. Information Technology has enabled sophisticated development of banking products, aiding financial intermediaries, and improving market infrastructures (Jessup, and Valacich, 2008). The latest development in the banking industry is the use of mobile banking technology to facilitate banking services. Majority of banks have adopted mobile and wireless technologies into their range of services to enable clients have the freedom to access their account, pay bills, and receive updates regarding banking. M-Banking, M-Payment, M-Finance, and M-Transfer applications are examples of payment solutions that have enabled clients to manipulate transactions in their bank accounts using their mobile handsets (Taylor, and Raden, 2007). Virtually, these applications are capable of completing all services offered in the banking system. Findings and analysis: Case Studies M-Pesa in Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa M-Pesa refers to a mobile-payment and money transfer service used by Vodafone’s Kenyan affiliate, Safaricom. M-Pesa was developed under the sponsorship of the Department for International Development based in the UK to assist microfinance borrowers to get loans and repay loans using the services provided by Safaricom (Morawczynski, and Miscione, 2008). However, the system failed to deliver the intended uses with Microfinance institutions due to complications. This led the entire M-Pesa system being re-focused and developed to use another different value preposition that could see individuals transfer their remittances across the country and as well make payments for various services. Users can deposit, send, and withdraws funds through SMS and charges fees for transfers and withdrawals. The M-Pesa service has since grown into a branchless baking service that has enabled users to complete their transactions using their phones (Morawczynski, and Miscione, 2008). Transactions are done at various registered dealers and agents who are located throughout the country. Sagentia developed the M-Pesa system but Vodafone has since made the service to be operationally controlled by IBM Global Services on its behalf. M-Pesa has transformed the manner in which users control and manage their finances since its launch in 2007. The M-Pesa service is now available in the UK to enable users to remit their funds to Kenya through the M-Pesa international money transfer solution. Vodacom, a Vodafone subsidiary in Tanzania has also launched M-Pesa services. The service has also been launched in South Africa through partnership between Vodacom and Nedbank. In Afghanistan, Vodafone entered into partnership with Roshan and launched the M-Paisa service which is similar to the M-Pesa and is used to pay salaries, disburse loans to MFI, peer-to-peer, and merchant payments. NFC Self-Service in Zurich Shoppers in Zurich, Switzerland are utilizing NFC-Capable smartphones supplied by Nexperts Corporation to purchase products in local markets for farmers. The project in Switzerland is called the ‘touch’ n ‘pay’ was designed to test the usefulness of the NFC interfaces in supporting shopping initiatives (Stair, and Reynolds, 2011). The farmers market was ideal for this project because they lacked an efficient credit card process to facilitate their payments. The service also allows customers to purchase products without having to be exposed to merchants or salespersons. Cellular Network for Inventory Data by Adidas The Adidas Group is one of world’s leaders in the supply of sporting goods and portfolio products. The group employs many workers who have to travel around the world to supply orders. One of the challenges faced by the sales is the management of inventories and order placement (Laudon, and Laudon, 2010). The salespersons used to contact the Adidas customer care to order for products or inquire about the products that were available in stock. This led to the setting up of VPNs to facilitate sales representatives to connect to the Adidas corporate network and access the levels of inventory. However, using laptops seemed too bulky for the sales representatives and therefore, the Group opted to use business applications on that utilized the Blackberry Mobile Data system and Enterprise server. The powerful sales tool facilitated transactions undertaken by the sales representatives’ thereby easing inventory management (Stair, and Reynolds, 2011). Pay-By-Phone in the UK Near Field Communication payments via cellphones require a great deal of adjustments in payment solutions and systems. This is common in highly developed countries that have well-established payment systems (Stair, and Reynolds, 2011). Mobile phones are slowly substituting the wallet given their abilities of linking debit or credit card accounts to mobile devices. Through joint initiatives with banks, mobile operators, and card companies, one-swipe technology is most likely going to replace the use of cards and cash to make transactions (Resatsch, 2010). Japan is already ahead whereby ‘pay-by-mobile’ payment solution is already in operation. The Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) is laying framework plans for Pay-by-mobile solutions. This new technology will allow users from different networks to make purchases using their smartphones. The costs of convectional calls have fallen significantly with mobile phone companies resorting to use new applications to generate more revenue streams. The reduced costs can be attributed to increased use of VoIP calls. Similarly, the use of pay-by-mobile solutions is still low in the UK given that majority of purchases are still transacted using credit cards or cash terms. This shows that the use of the ‘mobile wallet’ is likely to boost the level of these transactions given the idea that majority of individuals might prefer to carry their mobile phones as compared to carrying their mobile phones. The NFC chips will be installed in Handsets to facilitate wireless communication within the short-range. Communication between the phone and NFC reader will initiate transactions. Access to credit card details or banks details can be stored on the Subscriber Identification Module card (Resatsch, 2010). When the phone is swiped or placed near the reader, a two-communication will ensue whereby the client might be authorized to enter PIN in order for transactions to take place. An example of a Pay-by-phone service that is likely to enter the UK market is the PayPass phone payment system by MasterCard. Majority of Mobile Service providers will utilize the range of innovativeness that comes with the use of Pay-by-mobile services. However, the realization of such visions requires a great deal of cooperation between Mobile phone manufacturers, service providers, banks, customers, and Credit Card companies. Conclusions Admittedly, the heart of every business is found in the utilization of modern information technology initiatives. Advancements in information technology have seen various initiatives been developed to provide solutions to aspects in different industries. The telecommunication and financial sectors are some of the sectors that are increasingly depending on Information Technology and Systems to facilitate transactions. Smartphones and Tablets are slowly substituting wallets as the primary devices for carrying cash or credit cards. Through technologies such as Near Field Communications, numerous applications have developed to utilize NFC chips to store information and facilitate transactions. These phones can be swiped near NFC readers and transactions can be undertaken through communication between mobile devices and the reader. Pay-by-phone and mobile payment solutions have registered significant success in different regions. For instance, Mobile payments have are highly used in Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa through the M-Pesa payment solutions. Similar services are used in Afghanistan through the M-Paisa that targets Microfinance institutions. Globally, large, medium, and small companies such as PayPal, VeriFone, Intuit, and Square are engaging in the creation of innovative ways aimed at enabling individuals to limit their levels of carrying cash. Sports companies and teams also rely on information technology solutions improve their tactics. The UK is still characterized by increased usage of credit cards and cash terms to pay for purchases and other transactions. This shows that the use of the ‘mobile wallet’ is likely to boost the level of these transactions given the idea that majority of individuals might prefer to carry their mobile phones as compared to carrying their mobile phones. Pay-by-Mobile services are likely to register success in the UK given the existing level of infrastructure, mobile service providers, and coordination with banks and credit card companies. Reference List Curtis, G. and Cobham, D., 2008. Business Information Systems: Analysis, Design, and Practice. Pearson Education Eppler, M. J. 2003. Managing Information Quality: Increasing the Value of Information in Knowledge-Intensive Products and Processes. Springer. Ivatury, G., and Mas, I. 2008. The Early Experience with Branchless Banking (Focus Note No. 46). Washington, D.C.: Consultative Group to Assist the Poor Jessup, L. M., and Valacich, J. S. 2008. Information Systems Today (3rd Ed.). Pearson Publishing. Pages Kasper, T. 2007. An embedded system for practical security analysis of contactless smartcards.† Springer LNCS (Workshop in Information Security Theory and Practices 2007, Crete, Greece) Lambert, M.S., Miriam, T. T. and Marseken, S.F., 2009. Near Field Communication: High Frequency, Proximity Card, Radio-frequency Identification, Mobile Phone, Magnetic Field, Loop Antenna, Radio Frequency, Manchester Code, Mobile Payment, Ecma International. Betascipt Publishers Lindsay, J. 2007. Information Systems – Fundamentals and Issues. Kingston University, School of Information Systems Laudon, K., and Laudon, J. 2010. Management information systems: Managing the digital firm. (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Morawczynski, O., and Miscione, G. 2008. â€Å"Examining Trust in Mobile Banking Transactions in Kenya: The Case of M-PESA† IFIP WG 9.4-University of Pretoria Joint Workshop, Pretoria, South Africa Resatsch, F. 2010. Ubiquitous Computing: Developing and Evaluating Near Field Communication Applications. Gabler Verlag Rainer and Turban, 2009. Introduction to Information Systems second edition, Wiley Stair, R. and Reynolds, 2011, Principles of Information System. Cengage Learning Taylor, J., and Raden, N. 2007. Smart (enough) Systems: How to Deliver Competitive Advantage by Automating Hidden Decisions. New York: Prentice Hall

The Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment Essay

On December 7, 2007, a crane barge owned by Samsung Heavy Industries collided with Hebei Spirit, a crude carrier from Hong Kong, carrying 260,000 tons of crude oil. Due to this event, nearby residents suffered from the bad smell for a long time and sea creatures were killed in the contaminated water. There is another man-made pollutant of water nowadays. Waste water from factories or domestic places has flowed into waters, and as a result water pollution is getting more serious. Water shortage is also on the rise, but imagine a world where someone suffer from both water shortage and water pollution. To prevent further pollution and to conserve the environment, it is crucial to be aware of the effects of water pollution. Water pollution incurs not only environmental damage but also health problems and economic losses. First, the water pollution results in environmental issues. The enrichment of water by various nutrients can be of a natural eutrophication and cultural eutrophication. 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If it related health such as the ones causedRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1323 Words   |  6 Pagesworld billions of people do not have access to the clean water they need. They either have to travel miles to get clean water or they have to settle for the unsafe water near them. Water is polluted daily by trash and waste chemicals. There is an island made from trash in the Pacific Ocean and each day it continues to grow. Communities of people die each year for drought, life that could otherwise be saved if only they had access to water. It is possible to stop all these deaths from occurring altogetherRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1556 Words   |  7 Pages You see a sewer or pipe line dumping wastewater or sewage into a river, lake, or ocean. Ask yourself this question: would you drink from that water source? You see a sea otter or a seal swimming in water that has been contaminated by oil from an oil spill. 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Research Proposal - 1193 Words

Research Proposal 1. Proposed working title Global Marketing versus Domestic Marketing- a critical Evaluation. 2. Research Background/ Context This research is focused to understand how a Global company is able to adapt to different marketing situation that is existing in different countries. A company can said to be Global if it can sell its products at a reasonable price with a dependable quality in every nation it serves. The concept of Global Marketing is viewing the entire set of countries markets as one unit and then developing a marketing plan through cost standardisation. When developing a plan the researchers have to understand both controllable and uncontrollable elements of business (Kotler, 2006) that is existing†¦show more content†¦Porter suggested that the intensity of competition is determined by the relative strengths of these forces. 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Violence And Violence Is Around Us Throughout The World Essay

Conflict and violence is around us throughout the world. The mass media has made a huge impact of what we think of violence and its relation to religion, especially in the last couple of years. In addition, violence has been considered as being part of human nature as it comes from our biological structure of aggression. It is a way for us to relieve stress and some also believe that it can be a device of vengeance and a positive mechanism to human survival. However, when we think of religion and violence we do not always situate them with each other. This is mainly because we are taught that all religions have an agreed goal for peace. The Indian pacifist Mohandas Ghandi once said, â€Å"An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind† (Gandhi). He came on this earth with his message of truth and non-violence; Truth and non-violence are the most fundamental aspect of his thoughts. 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Is this a reflection of our society, or is it merely a fabrication; a distorted

Media Violence Essay - 1320 Words

Media Violence Media violence is one of the most debated public issues society faces today. Television screens are loaded with the glamorization of weapon carrying. Violence constitute as amusing and trivialized. Needless portrayals of interpersonal violence spread across the television screens like wild fire. Televisions spew the disturbing events such as children being assaulted, husbands inflicting domestic abuse on their wives and children succumbing to abuse by their parents. Scenes of betrayal, anguish, infiltrate the television screen. Unfortunately, a child becomes subjected to media violence. Everything a child sees or hears in the media affects them in some way or another. The precise effects of media violence on children are†¦show more content†¦We as a society cannot succumb to believing such an opinion because we are very familiar with violence and criminal activity resembling something from a movie scene or television show. Most violent acts shown on television go unpunishe d and are often accompanied by humor. Rarely does the media display the consequences of human suffering leading a child accept its reality. Of course, crime can become the result of a number of influences working together; even researchers point out the independent influence alone cannot directly contribute to the effect. Evidence show children imitate aggressive behavior. Researchers conducted a study on students happening in the mid 1990’s in Israel. The focus of the study captured the effects of influence from children watching World Wrestling Federation (WWF) matches. The study revealed startling evidence demonstrating the students in the selected schools developed imitative behavior depicting what they say in the wrestling matches. The children practiced banging heads, throwing opponents to the floor, jumping onto them from furniture, pulling hair and poking their eyes with fingers. No surprise when about half of the responding principals reported that these new behaviors resulted in the use of first aid. In addition, the study found one fourth of the reported injuries required emergency room visits or other professional medical care (Dube, 2000). In yet anotherShow MoreRelatedMedia Violence And The Media Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesExposure to the media violence may be especially probl ematic in late adolescence. Television and other media play a major role in adolescent socialization and identity development by providing perspectives, values, ideologies, and behavior models (Arnett G., Roberts D. et al.). The socializing role of television in particular may be ampliï ¬ ed by the large amount of time young people spend with this medium. Speciï ¬ cally, 18- to 24-year-olds spend more time watching television and movies than youngerRead MoreMedia Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pagesat looking at the potentially harmful effects of the consumption of violent media and the impact it has on psychological factors. Two psychological factors that have been researched are empathy and aggression and how violent media influences these two emotions. Theories that have tried explaining the pathway from the viewing of violence in media and the impact on aggression have generally focused on the role of violent media being used by consumers as observational learning and promoti ng the developmentRead MoreMedia Violence and Violence in Society1059 Words   |  4 Pagesprogramming contains some violence, there should be more and more violent crime after television is available† (Freedman). Many suggest the violence in media is causing violence in society but then how is it that violent crimes are actually decreasing in the United States. The violence that is occurring is actually due from the mentally ill, poor parenting, and the location of where one lives in society. Violence has actually decreased over the decades even though media has more violence than ever beforeRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence In The Media1212 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction With the recent increase in media presence throughout the world, there has also been an increase in violence portrayed through the media. Media violence is believed to be causing aggression in today’s youth and society. This paper will examine the potential reasons on how media violence is causing aggression Review of Literature In a study conducted, media psychologists, mass communication scientists, pediatricians, and parents all completed an anonymous online survey that asked whetherRead MoreViolence in Mass Media594 Words   |  2 PagesViolence in Mass Media Violence is everywhere and in everything from what we see to what we hear. Today’s society has become acquainted with the violence in video games, tv shows, movies, and music since it is everywhere but many have become too attached to this violence and brought it to real life. Many assume that getting rid of this violence is essential to a more passive and peaceful society but there are more benefits to the portail of violence that society sees today. One of the key itemsRead MoreMedia, Violence, And Violence Essay1892 Words   |  8 Pageswould be the media. Media and violence are both very wide and broad concepts that have massive impacts in our society, and it is important to distinguish their relationship with each other. The types of media are things such as violent video games, films, newspapers, magazines and television. One particular type of media that is often very problematized is violent video games. Different studies have shown convincing and unconvincing correlational in regards to the media and violence, but to whomRead MoreMedia, Violence, And Violence Essay1949 Words   |  8 Pageswould be the media. Media and violence are both very wide and broad concepts that have massive impacts in our society, and it is important to distinguish their relationship with each other. The types of media are things such as violent video games, films, newspapers, magazines and television. One particular type of media that is ofte n very problematized is violent video games. Different studies have shown convincing and unconvincing correlational in regards to the media and violence, but to whomRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Behavioral Violence916 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Media Violence on Behavioral Violence in Young Adults in America The influence of mass media has progressively increased in American society, but can the media have effects beyond mere entertainment and impartial information? American culture has become saturated with online news reports, social media, and media entertainment. Technology has become a major factor in America’s social environment. Much of the information gained from digital sources involves or portrays violence, and manyRead MoreMedia Violence And Its Effects1057 Words   |  5 Pages Media violence exposure has been investigated as a risk factor for aggression behavior for years. The impact of exposure to violence in the media the long term development and short term development of aggressive behavior has been documented. Aggression is caused by several factors, of which media violence is one. Research investigating the effects of media violence in conjunction with other predictors of aggression such as; environmental factors and dysfunction within the family household,Read MoreThe Effects Of Violence On The Media1550 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of violence in the media is a big controversy; some say it affects are society and others say that there is not any proof of this. There are many theories on how violence in media does, and how it does not, affect our society. Many people claim watching television or even playing video games will affect children’s or young adults’ minds. Researches claim that they found no evidence of change in aggr essiveness in children or young adults while playing video games. Researchers allowed children

Electrophoresis Essay Research Paper I Purpose perform free essay sample

Electrophoresis Essay, Research Paper I. Aim ? perform cataphoresis utilizing limitation enzymes and lambda Deoxyribonucleic acid ? understand how a limitation enzyme plants ? analyse a exposure of cataphoresis ? understand how gel cataphoresis offprints DNA molecules in a mixture ? how to utilize cataphoresis to divide Deoxyribonucleic acid fragments ? find unknown DNA fragment sizes when given DNA fragments of known size II. Materials agarose pulverization projecting tray and comb camera crushed ice container distilled H2O Deoxyribonucleic acid samples electronic graduated table with tare cataphoresis box 250 milliliters Erlenmeyer flasks movie graduated cylinder goon ice lading dye microcentrifuge micropipet and tips 1.5 ml reaction tubings and racks limitation buffer limitation enzymes ( HindIII, EcoRI, BamHI ) 10x TEA buffer UV filter UV transilluminator 37? C H2O bath weighing boat III. Procedure Topographic point the weighing boat on the graduated table and tare. Weigh out 0.8 milliliter of agarose pulverization and topographic point it into a 250 milliliter Erlenmeyer flask. Add 10 milliliter of 10x TEA buffer and 90 milliliter of distilled H2O into a calibrated cylinder to make a 1x TEA buffer solution. Add this to the Erlenmeyer flask incorporating the 0.8 milliliter of agarose. Dissolve and boil the agarose solution in a microwave, about 2-3 proceedingss. Topographic point clean underside of the casting tray in topographic point, and pour in the agarose solution. Put the casting comb in topographic point. Allow gel mold to put undisturbed until about opaque, about 10 proceedingss. Fill a calibrated cylinder with 50 milliliters of 10x TEA buffer and 450 milliliter of distilled H2O, making 500 milliliter of 1x TEA buffer. In each of the four limitation enzyme tubings, combine 1.0? cubic decimeter of limitation buffer, 7.0? cubic decimeter of distilled H2O, 1.0? cubic decimeter of the specific enzyme ( either HindIII, EcoRI, or BamHI ) . For the control, add no enzyme. Close the caps tightly and put them equally balanced in the microcentrifuge and spin for 2-3 seconds. Put the tubings in the 37? C H2O bath. When the gel has solidified remover the comb in a careful straight up gesture. Remove the glass home base underside without upseting the gel and topographic point it in the cataphoresis box with the Wellss towards the cathode terminal. Pour the prepared 1X TEA buffer carefully over the gel until the liquid degree wholly covers the gel and is approximately 1 or 2 millimeters above the surface of the gel. Add 2? cubic decimeter of lading dye to each of the enzyme tubes utilizing the micropipet and whirl them in the extractor. Extract 10? cubic decimeter of the first sample and burden it into the first good. Repeat this with the other samples, altering tips between each. Attach the power supply to the cataphoresis box. Put it to 100 Vs and 40 milliamps and trip it. After about 45 proceedingss or until the dye is about? of the down, turn off the power supply and unplug the box. Using baseball mitts, take the gels from the box and put them on the transilluminator. The teacher will transport out the picture taking of the cataphoresis gel. Clean the lab country. IV. Observations and Consequences HindIII EcoRI BamHI Control Distance Act. BP Distance Cal. BP Distance Cal. BP Distance Cal. BP 3.4 centimeter 25,000* 3.5 centimeter 23,000 3.8 centimeter 19,000 3.7 centimeter 20,000 4.8 9,416 5.3 7,800 4.2 15,000 # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; 5.9 6,557 6.4 5,200 5.7 6,800 # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; 6.7 4,361 7.1 4,000 5.9 6,500 # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; 11.3 2,322 8.7 3,300 6.7 4,300 # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; 12.1 2,027 # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8211 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; * = rounded base brace All deliberate base brace ( Cal. BP ) are rounded figures. V. Decisions Electrophoresis literally means # 8220 ; to transport with electricity. # 8221 ; It is the usage of limitation enzymes and electrical current to mensurate sections of Deoxyribonucleic acid from a sample. Restriction enzymes are enzymes found in bacteriums. These are enzymes that are able to cut through the phosphate-sugar anchor of DNA at limitation sites. Restriction sites are certain base sequences recognized by these enzymes. In bacteriums, limitation enzymes act as a defence against occupying viruses. When the viral DNA is release into the cell, the limitation enzymes cut it into pieces, rendering it useless and unable to move upon the cell. Any other bacteriums come ining the cell will besides be cut if it contains the base sequence recognized by the enzyme. Every species of bacterium has at least one limitation enzyme. Restriction enzymes are used in familial technology to do complementary cuts that allow the interpolation of a familial codification into a genome. In cataphoresis, limitation enzymes cut at the limitation sites on the Deoxyribonucleic acid sample. It cuts every bit many times as the base sequence appears on the sample. After the sample is cut, buffers, dye, and a substance called ethidium bromide is added to the sample. It is so placed into the well of an agarose gel. An electrical current is run through this, and because DNA has a negative charge it is dragged through it towards the positive terminal. The Deoxyribonucleic acid weaves through the agarose gel, the smallest braces traveling the farthest merely because they are more manoeuvrable. The longer sections move more easy through the agarose. When the sample has run about? of the manner through the gel, the current is disconnected, halting the motion of the DNA. The gel is so placed on an ultraviolet transilluminator. Ethidium bromide is sensitive to UV beams, so it is seen under the transilluminator. A image is so taken and the distance and base braces can be measured and calculated. The buffer used in this is TEA buffer. It is made of Tris and EDTA. Tris keeps the pH invariable at about 8.0, and EDTA pulls out low degrees of Na ethanoate. Since cataphoresis basically measures the distance between limitation sites of a certain limitation enzyme, it is helpful in slaying and colza instances, where blood or seeds of the suspect is found as grounds. In the instance of colza, a limitation enzyme is added with the blood or seeds grounds. A blood sample is taken from the suspect and DNA is spooled from it. The same limitation enzyme is added to it, and both samples are run through cataphoresis. Since every individual individual has different familial stuff, a lucifer in sections between limitation sites would be an impossibleness to be classified pure happenstance. This would clearly place the suspect as the culprit. A difference in section lengths would unclutter the suspect, as the DNA would be clearly different. In our cataphoresis experiment, it is shown how 3 different limitation enzymes act wholly otherwise on the same sample of DNA. This is because each enzyme has a different limitation site it acts upon. The control in this experiment merely shows that Deoxyribonucleic acid without any cuts would run, but would run as a big bunch and would run really easy, as it can non steer easy through the gel matrix. VI. Questions 2. Restriction enzymes are enzymes that use DNA as a substrate. When the proper base sequence, called a limitation or acknowledgment site, is found the enzyme Acts of the Apostless by cutting between the anchor two specified bases. 3. Restriction enzymes are found of course in bacteriums. They act as a protection against viral infections, as they break down incoming viral DNA. 4. The electricity in cataphoresis Acts of the Apostless on DNA as a magnet does to another magnet. Deoxyribonucleic acid has a somewhat negative charge. The samples incorporating Deoxyribonucleic acid are loaded at the cathode or negative terminal. When the power is activated, the Deoxyribonucleic acid is attracted towards the positive terminal of the cataphoresis box. The agarose gel provides a agency of decelerating the DNA down. The Deoxyribonucleic acid fragments must work through the gel matrix in order to make the terminal. 5. 6. The loading Acts of the Apostless as a point of mention. It allows the individual executing the experiment to see how far down the Deoxyribonucleic acid sample has moved. The Deoxyribonucleic acid is photographed utilizing ethidium bromide, a UV-sensitive substance and an ultraviolet transilluminator to foreground the DNA strands.

Murray Goulburn & Business Strategy

Question: Using your research, comment on the strategy within the company at the moment. What recommendations do you have? If the company carries out your plan, suggest at least four KPIs that would be useful at the company level. What individual KPIs would you set to align individual behavior with these company level KPIs? Answer: The company strategy and the recommendation Murray Goulburn is the primary partners of Australian dairy farmers that offer best milk price and best services. The companys strategy is to be one of the leading producers of dairy foods for the farmers and the consumers. The company aims to focus to achieve operational excellence by upgrading the operating capacity to become more competitive and to earn more profit for the enterprise. Since product innovation is a key to the success of the business, It focuses on innovation and to achieve the quality standard and attract more customer to ensure the client requirements are met. The company has taken a customer-centric attitude to focus on customers and continuously improving the product to get customer loyalty and generate value among customers. The company has shown innovation in retail, food service, ingredients nutritional and explores international markets to serve the consumers in a better way. The company has an efficient team that includes scientists, food technologists, nut ritionists, packaging experts to ensure the product will meet the highest standard. The research and development team is striving hard to develop the new strategy to improve the product quality to attract more customers to it, therefore, generating value for the client by offering better services which has given long-term sustainable growth. The companys vision is to be one of the dominant market players in Australian dairy industry to deliver the better return to the farm suppliers. The company has adopted competitive milk pricing strategy in Southern and NSW Sydney market regions. The south of the country has applied to a single milk payment structure with incentives that improve the growth in milk production. NSW- Sydney is focused on pasteurized dairy market which includes agreed milk supply and different pricing for milk components (Ferrell and Hartline 2012). Four KPIs Advertising and promoting the products via the internet and social media to make a global presence of the product The company should focus on building widely expanded distribution channel and active suppliers' chain It should formulate a strategy to increase the market share and tackle the competitors by creating the innovative, distinctive product and by keeping competitive prices. The enterprise should take a strategy to sell the product in grocery stores, department stores or small shops to increase the popularity and demand in the market (Berthon et al.2012). Comment on strategy of shifting from commodity product to value added dairy product The food service delivers standardize dairy products across Australia. They have tie-ups with the educational institute, hotels, cafes, airlines, hospitality industry and various Government agencies. They are one of the leading suppliers of supermarket and retail segment to supply quality food to maintain the standard and customer requirement. Murray Goulburn Qingdao Dairy is the first manufacturing unit outside Australia which is established in 2007 which provides fast access to the market. It has manufacturing facilities to produce infant nutrition products under Natra Start which is distributed in China using a large distribution channel. They have developed the product based on the knowledge and skill they have gathered from dairy processing in the last 60 years. It uses the dairy ingredients from milk supplied by the farmers hence the firm has taken diversification of the product in the same product line which has helped to increase the market share for the company. A recent sur vey has revealed that its net profit will be between $66 million and $86 million. It further asserts that the overall sales will bring a $500,000 business in the current financial year. As far the international presence is concerned it is the largest brand in China and one of the biggest powder brands in China. The company has ensured the higher return on investment around 10- 15 percent return on investment. At present, it has 7-8 percent return on investment. Consequently, the company has paid an interim dividend in the current financial year. The company has got growth and secured its position in the market; notably, it has increased market share in Asia, US, China substantially (Morgan et al. 2012). It has grown the milk supply in European countries that has resulted from the oversupply of dairy product which has reduced the prices. So it has taken a strategy to shift towards producing products maintaining the higher profit margin, more value addition to fulfilling consumer needs and services. The strategy has helped the company to enhance revenue in a competitive market. It demonstrates companys ability to deliver high end value added services with competitive prices, therefore, creating maximum value for customers. The sale of a dairy product of Devondale has increased by 28% from the various types of product such as milk powders, dairy beverages, chilled milk. The sale of consumer milk product rose by 21 % by a widely distributed network and the high demand of the branded product of Devondale. Where the market for a dairy product is increasingly challenging the company has retained the expected standard to deliver the product by adopting product mix strategy to create variati on in the product. Devondale has three primary product under dairy food and nutritional category which has marked its shifts from commodity product to dairy product to increase profit and revenue. Laverton is selected for investment (estimates around $165-$190 million) for the new dairy beverages center which is located adjacent to the current milk producing center which aims to deliver excellent packaging facility, dairy products to fulfill the Asian market demand and the increasing demand of domestic and international customers. The investment will significantly improve the operational capability and flexibility (Leonidou et al.2013). Directors role and responsibility of the company The company consists of nine directors that include seven supplier directors and two individual directors. The role of the board of director is to represent the shareholders as whole to promote Murray Goulburn Co-operative Co. Limited. The Boards primary objective is to enhance shareholders value, which is maximizing the companys returns at the same time. The board is accountable to the stakeholders for companys performance. The directors have brought excellent expertise in finance and in international business to take a business to the next level of growth and excellence. MG has appointed Ms Kiera Grant in 14th March 2016 as an independent non-executive director who has worked in board and in management having 15 years of experience in equity capital market and has wide variety of skill from agricultural, retail, fast moving consumer goods is a significant asset. The company has appointed Albert Moncau as an executive General Manager of dairy products and reporting to the managing director Gary Helou. In addition to that, Mr Moncau is appointed to join the leadership team for marketing and innovation for sales and international business who has helped the company to expand the businesses in Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa. Philip Tracy and his fellow directors has restructured the Murray Goulburn board and has brought major transformation of the business that has identified $500 million investment programs for the next five years, while will help to gain efficiency and reduce the cost that is more than $100 million. The board has formulated a strategy to develop high end products and has taken decision to improve the co-operative through its takeover of Warrnambool Cheese and butter (Morgan et al. 2012). Reference List Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Ferrell, O.C. and Hartline, M., 2012.Marketing strategy, text and cases. Nelson Education. Leonidou, L.C., Katsikeas, C.S., Fotiadis, T.A. and Christodoulides, P., 2013. Antecedents and consequences of an eco-friendly export marketing strategy: The moderating role of foreign public concern and competitive intensity.Journal of International Marketing,21(3), pp.22-46. Morgan, N.A., Katsikeas, C.S. and Vorhies, D.W., 2012. Export marketing strategy implementation, export marketing capabilities, and export venture performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(2), pp.271-289.